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Iran’s forgotten massacre

Earlier this month considerable media attention was devoted to the 30th anniversary of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, an event with lasting consequences for the Middle East and the world. Two years before that, however – virtually unnoticed at the time and barely remembered since - there took place a series of mass state-organized killings in Iran.
July 1988 was in the middle of a long, hot summer both in Tehran and Baghdad. Ayatollah Khomeini had finally, albeit reluctantly, agreed to UN resolution 598, paving the way for a ceasefire with what he called “the infidel Baathist regime of Saddam Hussein” eight years after Iraq invaded Iran in the wake of its 1979 revolution. Iran had previously resisted all international efforts at mediation. Khomeini said he had drunk this “chalice of poison.”
In his new book, “Voices of a Massacre”*, Paris-based historian Nasser Mohajer reconstructs the story of that fateful period. It is still an “open file,” he writes. “Thousands were taken blindfolded to the gallows and thousands flogged, day after day, to admit and succumb.” The crime was unprecedented in modern Iranian history.
Six days after Khomeini accepted the ceasefire, 7,000 fighters of the Iraqi-backed opposition group, the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MeK), now called the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA), under Iraqi air cover, crossed the Iranian border. It razed to the ground the town of Islamabad-e Gharb. Advancing further, Iraq ceased its air support and Iranian forces cut off NLA supply lines and counterattacked under cover of fighter planes and helicopter gunships. It was that assault that triggered the mass killings.
Most of the prisoners were either members of the MeK or Marxist political groups who had already stood trial and were serving their sentences - including for non-violent offences such as distributing newspapers and leaflets, taking part in demonstrations or collecting funds for prisoners' families. They had often spent long periods in solitary confinement.
Many were executed in Tehran’s two notorious prisons, Evin and Gohardasht on the orders of what became known as the “Death Commission.” Killings took place in other cities: Kermanshah, Shiraz and Isfahan. Precise numbers are still not available, but estimates, including by Amnesty International, have concluded that between four to five thousand men and women were killed that summer
Many were buried hurriedly in mass graves in various parts of Iran, including in Khavaran cemetery in southeast Tehran, where Forough Lofti found the corpse of her son Anoush. Most families only found out about these graves years later, but the government still prevents them from mourning on the sites for their loved ones.
This event is not well known, because Iran devoted considerable efforts to ensure a blackout, and also because there were many distractions regionally and globally: the Soviet Union began withdrawing from Afghanistan in May 1988 and a year later the Berlin Wall came down, signaling the end of the Cold War. And unlike the carnage of Srebrenica or the purges of General Pinochet's coup in Chile, there was little worldwide outrage, and no opportunity for justice and legal redress.
Testimonies gathered for Mohajer’s remarkable book include those of prisoners who survived. Initially they knew little of what was going on but quickly sensed something was afoot: visits were stopped, they no longer received newspapers and televisions were removed. “We were completely severed from the outside world,” recalled Anahita Rahmani. She overheard a female guard – a pasdar Revolutionary Guard - crying over the sight of victims clasping hands on the gallows. Inmates communicated by Morse code.
"Hanging" did not mean death by breaking the neck by dropping through a trap door, but stringing up the victim by the neck to suffocate. Some prisoners took 15 minutes to die. Overworked executioners requested firing squads but these were rejected on the basis that Sharia law required hanging for enemies of Allah. The real reason was that hanging was quieter than gunfire and would better preserve secrecy. Suicides proliferated.
Executions in Gohardasht took place in a ditch behind a wall surrounding the prison. Blindfolded young men in uniform were repeatedly spotted in the vicinity and the prison director was seen with a wheelbarrow full of rope. “Clearly something terrible was taking place,” recalled Iraj Mesdaghi, a rare survivor who ended up in Sweden.
Iranian officials rarely speak about the 1988 massacre but over the years occasional glimpses have been possible. One of the four clerics on the "Death Commission”, Mostafa Pourmohammadi, defended his role in an interview in 2018. Another involved Ayatollah Montazeri, formerly Khomeini’s designated successor. He published a memoir in 2001 which contains details of the massacre, including a copy of Khomeini's fatwa calling for the execution of Mojahedin as “fighters against God” and leftists as “apostates from Islam.”
Overall the book’s testimonies form a universal tribute to the human capacity for resilience and forbearance – as well as the ongoing search for justice. In the words of one critic: “Nasser Mohajer writes for the same reasons as George Orwell―’desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and to store them up for the use of posterity.’”
*https://www.amazon.co.uk/Voices-Massacre-Untold-Stories-Death/dp/1786077779
IAN BLACK
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BENEFIT AGM approves 10%...
- March 27, 2025
BENEFIT, the Kingdom’s innovator and leading company in Fintech and electronic financial transactions service, held its Annual General Meeting (AGM) at the company’s headquarters in the Seef District.
During the meeting, shareholders approved all items listed on the agenda, including the ratification of the minutes of the previous AGM held on 26 March 2024. The session reviewed and approved the Board’s Annual Report on the company’s activities and financial performance for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2024, and the shareholders expressed their satisfaction with the company’s operational and financial results during the reporting period.
The meeting also reviewed the Independent External Auditor’s Report on the company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2024. Subsequently, the shareholders approved the audited financial statements for the fiscal year. Based on the Board’s recommendation, the shareholders approved the distribution of a cash dividend equivalent to 10% of the paid-up share capital.
Furthermore, the shareholders endorsed the allocation of a total amount of BD 172,500 as remuneration to the members of the Board for the year ended 31 December 2024, subject to prior clearance by related authorities.
The extension of the current composition of the Board was approved, which includes ten members and one CBB observer, for a further six-month term, expiring in September 2025, pending no objection from the CBB.
The meeting reviewed and approved the Corporate Governance Report for 2024, which affirmed the company’s full compliance with the corporate governance directives issued by the CBB and other applicable regulatory frameworks. The AGM absolved the Board Members of liability for any of their actions during the year ending on 31st December 2024, in accordance with the Commercial Companies Law.
In alignment with regulatory requirements, the session approved the reappointment of Ernst & Young (EY) as the company’s External Auditors for the fiscal year 2025, covering both the parent company and its subsidiaries—Sinnad and Bahrain FinTech Bay. The Board was authorised to determine the external auditors’ professional fees, subject to approval from the CBB, and the meeting concluded with a discussion of any additional issues as per Article (207) of the Commercial Companies Law.
Speaking on the company’s performance, Mr. Mohamed Al Bastaki, Chairman BENEFIT , stated: “In terms of the financial results for 2024, I am pleased to say that the year gone by has also been proved to be a success in delivering tangible results. Growth rate for 2024 was 19 per cent. Revenue for the year was BD 17 M (US$ 45.3 Million) and net profit was 2 Million ($ 5.3 Million).
Mr. Al Bastaki also announced that the Board had formally adopted a new three-year strategic roadmap to commence in 2025. The strategy encompasses a phased international expansion, optimisation of internal operations, enhanced revenue diversification, long-term sustainability initiatives, and the advancement of innovation and digital transformation initiatives across all service lines.
“I extend my sincere appreciation to the CBB for its continued support of BENEFIT and its pivotal role in fostering a stable and progressive regulatory environment for the Kingdom’s banking and financial sector—an environment that has significantly reinforced Bahrain’s standing as a leading financial hub in the region,” said Mr. Al Bastaki. “I would also like to thank our partner banks and valued customers for their trust, and our shareholders for their ongoing encouragement. The achievements of 2024 set a strong precedent, and I am confident they will serve as a foundation for yet another successful and impactful year ahead.”
Chief Executive of BENEFIT; Mr. Abdulwahed AlJanahi commented, “The year 2024 represented another pivotal chapter in BENEFIT ’s evolution. We achieved substantial progress in advancing our digital strategy across multiple sectors, while reinforcing our long-term commitment to the development of Bahrain’s financial services and payments landscape. Throughout the year, we remained firmly aligned with our objective of delivering measurable value to our shareholders, strategic partners, and customers. At the same time, we continued to play an active role in enabling Bahrain’s digital economy by introducing innovative solutions and service enhancements that directly address market needs and future opportunities.”
Mr. AlJanahi affirmed that BENEFIT has successfully developed a robust and well-integrated payment network that connects individuals and businesses across Bahrain, accelerating the adoption of emerging technologies in the banking and financial services sector and reinforcing Bahrain’s position as a growing fintech hub, and added, “Our achievements of the past year reflect a long-term vision to establish a resilient electronic payment infrastructure that supports the Kingdom’s digital economy. Key developments in 2024 included the implementation of central authentication for open banking via BENEFIT Pay”
Mr. AlJanahi concluded by thanking the Board for its strategic direction, the company’s staff for their continued dedication, and the Central Bank of Bahrain, member banks, and shareholders for their valuable partnership and confidence in the company’s long-term vision.
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